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REFERENCES

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  1. U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2019, https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/ieo2019.pdf
  2. IEA (2022), Aviation, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/aviation, License: CC BY 4.0
  3. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), European Aviation Environmental Report 2022 https://www.easa.europa.eu/eco/sites/default/files/2022-09/220723_EASA%20EAER%202022.pdf
  4. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2022-releases/2022-12-07-01/ 
  5. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2022-releases/2022-12-07-01/
  6. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/environment/sustainable-aviation-fuels/
  7. “The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018”, Lee et al, 2020
  8. https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/air-passenger-monthly-analysis/
  9. “Traveler numbers reach new heights”, IATA press release 6 September 2018
  10. https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/jet_fuel_consumption/
  11. Climate Watch, the World Resources Institute
  12. “The unequal distribution of household carbon footprints in Europe and its link to sustainability”, D. Ivanova & R. Wood 2020
  13. https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector
  14. “The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018”, Lee et al, 2020
  15. “Pathway to Net Zero”, DNV 2021
  16. https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/pressroom/fact-sheets/fact-sheet---corsia/
  17. “Pathway to Net Zero”, DNV 2021
  18. “Estimating sustainable aviation fuel feedstock availability to meet growing European Union demand”, International Council on Clean Transportation, O’Malley et al, 2021
  19. https://www.concawe.eu/wp-content/uploads/Feedstocks-1.pdf
  20. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/lessons-learned-itf-transport-outlook.pdf 
  21. “Hydroprocessing of renewable feedstocks”, Topsoe Academy Seminar, May 30 – June 1, 2022
  22. Figures from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1269980/sustainable-aviation-fuel-production-capacity-worldwide/, https://www.sustainableaviation.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SustainableAviation_FuelReport_20200231.pdf, and others 
  23. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/blogs/oil/032222-sustainable-aviation-fuel-saf-2050 
  24. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2022-releases/2022-06-21-02/ 
  25. https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2285785-viewpoint-hvo-saf-demand-to-outstrip-supply-in-2022 
  26. https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2022/11/23/study-forecasts-global-saf-market-to-grow-at-a-cagr-of-26-2-in-2022-2050/
  27. https://about.bnef.com/blog/2022-sustainable-aviation-fuel-outlook/ 
  28. Dataset adapted from “Clean Skies for Tomorrow”, World Economic Forum
  29. https://about.bnef.com/blog/2022-sustainable-aviation-fuel-outlook/
  30. https://www.bain.com/insights/will-plans-to-decarbonize-the-aviation-industry-fly/?share-date=13-12-2022. Note the same report suggests just 20% of SAF demand will be met by 2050, although this is an outlier.
  31. https://about.bnef.com/blog/2022-sustainable-aviation-fuel-outlook/
  32. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/blogs/oil/032222-sustainable-aviation-fuel-saf-2050
  33. https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/light/topics/fit-55-and-refueleu-aviation
  34. SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/beto-saf-gc-roadmap-report-sept-2022.pdf
  35. Presentation by Joshua Heyne, Washington State University, at Topsoe SAF Summit Dec 2022
  36. “ASTM Designation D1655-19: Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels”
  37. “ATSM D7566: Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons”
  38. “ASTM D4054: Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives”
  39. Rumizen, Mark A., “Qualification of Alternative Jet Fuels,” FIER, 2021, doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.760713
  40. The U.S: Environmental Protection Agency provides an overview here: Overview for Renewable Fuel Standard | US EPA 
  41. The Parliament's position can be found here: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0297_EN.html While the Council position is available here: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/56725/st09805-xx22.pdf
  42. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/698900/EPRS_BRI(2022)698900_EN.pdf 
  43. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2022/06/05/carbon-dioxide-peaked-in-2022-at-levels-not-seen-for-millions-of-years/
  44. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1266963/amount-of-fuel-consumed-by-ships-worldwide-by-fuel-type/
  45. http://www.citylogistics.info/research/road-transport-responsible-for-50-percent-of-oil-consumption-worldwide/
  46. “Clean Skies for Tomorrow”, WEF report 2020
  47. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2021-02-25/saf-track-1b-gallons-annual-production-2025
  48. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/d13875e9ed784f75bac90f000760e998/fact-sheet---us-and-eu-saf-policies.pdf
  49. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/
  50. CO2 captured from activities listed under Annex I of Directive 2003/87/EC